FOUR ELECTRON DENSITIES

In the same fashion as four balloons arrange towards the vertices of a tetrahedron, four electron densities adopt such arrangement in order to be the farthest possible apart from each other and thus minimize their repulsion

The atomic orbitals s and p bear a shape that do not allow us to explain the geometry of a TETRAHEDRAL carbon. That's why we need to transform (HYBRIDIZE) those orbitals to get another four new orbitals that keep the TETRAHEDRAL geometry. The new HYBRID ORBITALS are called sp3 because they arise from one s and three p orbitals from carbon.
Practice with molecules bearing carbons bonded to four atoms. What geometry do the atoms display? Molecular panel

The atomic orbitals s and p bear a shape that do not allow us to explain the geometry of a PYRAMIDAL nitrogen. That's why we need to transform (HYBRIDIZE) those orbitals to get another four new orbitals that keep the TETRAHEDRAL geometry. The new HYBRID ORBITALS are called sp3 because they arise from one s and three p orbitals from carbon.

One of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals in nitrogen does not form a bond but retains what is called a lone-electron pair. Therefore, the geometry of the nitrogen and its three bonded atoms in PYRAMIDAL. However, the geometry of the four orbitals keep on being TETRAHEDRAL.
Practice with molecules bearing carbons bonded to four atoms and nitrogens bonded to three. What geometry do the atoms display?
Molecular panel

The atomic orbitals s and p bear a shape that do not allow us to explain the geometry of an ANGULAR oxygen. That's why we need to transform (HYBRIDIZE) those orbitals to get another four new orbitals that keep the TETRAHEDRAL geometry. The new HYBRID ORBITALS are called sp3 because they arise from one s and three p orbitals from carbon. Two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals in oxygen does not form a bond but each retains what is called a lone-electron pair. Therefore, the geometry of the oxygen and its two bonded atoms in ANGULAR. However, the geometry of the four orbitals keep on being TETRAHEDRAL.
Practice with molecules bearing carbons bonded to four atoms and oxygens bonded to two. What geometry do the atoms display?
Molecular panel

THREE ELECTRON DENSITIES

In the same fashion as three balloons arrange towards the vertices of a triangle, three electron densities adopt such arrangement in order to be the farthest possible apart from each other and thus minimize their repulsion.

The atomic orbitals s and p bear a shape that do not allow us to explain the geometry of a TRIGONAL PLANAR carbon. That's why we need to transform (HYBRIDIZE) those orbitals to get another three new orbitals that keep the TRIGONAL PLANAR geometry. The new HYBRID ORBITALS are called sp2 because they arise from one s and two p orbitals from carbon.
In the hybridization process a p orbital is leftover that makes it possible to explain the 'double bond'.
Practice with molecules bearing carbons bonded to three atoms. What geometry do the atoms display? Molecular panel

The atomic orbitals s and p bear a shape that do not allow us to explain the geometry of an ANGULAR nitrogen. That's why we need to transform (HYBRIDIZE) those orbitals to get another four new orbitals that keep the TRIGONAL PLANAR geometry. The new HYBRID ORBITALS are called sp2 because they arise from one s and two p orbitals from nitrogen.

One of the three sp2 hybrid orbitals in nitrogen does not form a bond but retains what is called a lone-electron pair. Therefore, the geometry of the nitrogen and its two bonded atoms in ANGULAR. However, the geometry of the four orbitals keep on being TETRAHEDRAL.

In the hybridization process a p orbital is leftover that makes it possible to explain the 'double bond'.
Practice with molecules bearing carbons bonded to a number atoms and nitrogens bonded to two. What geometry do the atoms display? Escribir moléculas

The atomic orbitals s and p bear a shape that do not allow us to explain the geometry of an oxygen bonded by a double bond. That's why we need to transform (HYBRIDIZE) those orbitals to get another three new orbitals that keep the TRIGONAL PLANAR geometry. The new HYBRID ORBITALS are called sp3 because they arise from one s and three p orbitals from carbon.

Two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals in oxygen does not form a bond but each retains what is called a lone-electron pair. Therefore, the geometry of the oxygen and its bonded atom is LINEAR. However, the geometry of the four orbitals keep on being TETRAHEDRAL.

In the hybridization process a p orbital is leftover that makes it possible to explain the 'double bond'.
Practice with molecules bearing carbons bonded to a number atoms and oxygens bonded to one. What geometry do the atoms display? Molecular panel

TWO ELECTRON DENSITIES

In the same fashion as two balloons arrange towards forming a line, two electron densities adopt such arrangement in order to be the farthest possible apart from each other and thus minimize their repulsion.

The atomic orbitals s and p bear a shape that do not allow us to explain the geometry of a LINEAR carbon. That's why we need to transform (HYBRIDIZE) those orbitals to get another two new orbitals that keep the LINEAR geometry. The new HYBRID ORBITALS are called sp because they arise from one s and one p orbitals from carbon. In the hybridization process two p orbitals are leftover that make it possible to explain the 'triple bond'.
Practice with molecules bearing carbons bonded to two atoms. What geometry do the atoms display?
Molecular panel

The atomic orbitals s and p bear a shape that do not allow us to explain the geometry of a triple-bonded nitrogen. That's why we need to transform (HYBRIDIZE) those orbitals to get another two new orbitals that keep the LINEAR geometry. The new HYBRID ORBITALS are called sp because they arise from one s and one p orbitals from nitrogen. In the hybridization process two p orbitals are leftover that make it possible to explain the 'triple bond'.
Practice with molecules bearing carbons bonded to a number atoms and nitrogens bonded to one. What geometry do the atoms display? Molecular panel

CONSTITUTION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

The ELECTRON STRUCTURE of atoms within an organic molecule determines its 3D arrangement and its properties

FOUR ELECTRON DENSITIES

CARBON

NITROGEN

OXYGEN

THREE ELECTRON DENSITIES

CARBONO

NITROGEN

OXYGEN

TWO ELECTRON DENSITIES

CARBON

NITROGEN

OXYGEN