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Extraction, Crystallization and Sublimation

Extraction, crystallization and sublimation are fundamental techniques for separating and purifying substances in the chemistry laboratory.

Separatory funnel with the organic phase above the aqueous one and the partition coefficient of solute A between the two phases

Extraction

 Needle-shaped crystals grown in a jar

Crystallization

 Red crystals of a sublimed solid on the wall of a tube

Sublimation