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Preparation

There are many methods for introducing a carbonyl group into a molecule.

Preparation of aldehydes and ketones

Methods already studied

Scale of carbon oxidation states, with alcohols boxed

Oxidation of Alcohols and Phenols

Ozonolysis of 1-methylcyclohexene: with Zn/AcOH it gives a keto aldehyde and with H₂O₂ a keto acid

Ozonolysis of Alkenes

Hydration of alkynes: Markovnikov with H₂O/H⁺ and HgSO₄ (ketone) and anti-Markovnikov by hydroboration (aldehyde)

Hydration of Alkynes

Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene with an acyl halide or an anhydride and AlCl₃

Friedel-Crafts Acylation

New methods

Hydrolysis of the geminal dibromide with water and hydroxide to a ketone

Hydrolysis of Geminal Dihalides

Epoxidation of cyclohexene, opening to trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol and acid dehydration to the enol, in equilibrium with cyclohexanone

Dehydration of Vicinal Diols

Hydroformylation of cyclohexene

Hydroformylation of Olefins

Reimer-Tiemann reaction: formation of dichlorocarbene from chloroform and its reaction with phenoxide to give salicylaldehyde

Formylation of Aromatic Rings

Reaction of an acyl chloride with an organocuprate or an organocadmium compound: ketone

Reaction of organocuprates and organocadmium compounds with acyl halides

Reaction of benzonitrile with methylmagnesium bromide and hydrolysis of the imine: acetophenone

Reaction of Organometallic Compounds with Nitriles

Claisen rearrangement: formation of the allyl vinyl ether, rearrangement and the example of allyl phenyl ether

Pericyclic Reactions

Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate with AlCl₃: 4-hydroxyacetophenone

Fries Rearrangement